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What are the symptoms of early and late stages of nose cancer? 

Smoking is one of the main causes of cancer1. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, also known as nose cancer, is a common type of cancer2. The initial symptoms of nose cancer are remarkably like that of colds and nasal allergies, so they are often ignored. The following article will explain the symptoms of nose cancer in detail, as well as provide a simple method you can use to conduct self-examination for nose cancer.&nbsp;<h2>What is Nasopharyngeal Cancer?</h2>The nasopharynx is a necessary part of the respiratory tract. It is located at the end of the nasal cavity at the center of the head and connected to the throat3. A nasopharyngeal tumor occurs when a malignant tumor forms on the surface of the nasopharyngeal mucosa and destroys the adjacent tissues. As the nasopharynx is connected to the lymph glands on both sides of the neck4, nasopharyngeal carcinoma may spread to the lymph nodes of the neck and even other organs after a nasopharyngeal carcinoma is formed5. It is usually difficult for patients to realise that they may have this disease as the location of the nasopharynx is often hidden. Furthermore, some symptoms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma are similar to common respiratory diseases such as rhinitis and sinusitis.&nbsp;<h2>What are the causes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?</h2>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the most common head and neck cancer in Hong Kong. Studies have shown that close to 80% of nasopharyngeal cancer patients worldwide are from Asia3, especially in southern China coastal areas such as Hong Kong and Guangdong. The causes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma can be divided mainly into the following three aspects:<ol><li>Family genetics: If you have any immediate family members such as your parents or siblings who have been diagnosed with nose cancer, you are likely to have a higher chance of developing nose cancer as compared to the average person.&nbsp;</li><li>Viral infection: One of the more common causes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the Epstein-Barr virus. Even though the Epstein-Barr virus is common all over the world, it usually only causes mild cold-like symptoms6, making it difficult to detect.</li><li>Unhealthy living habits: Engaging in an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, eating smoked and preserved food such as instant noodles, the risk of developing nose cancer is likely to be higher7. Some studies have also pointed out that frequent exposure to burning incense candles8 or exposure to high concentration of formaldehyde9 could also cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&nbsp;</li></ol>

<h2>Self-examination for nose cancer</h2>Here are some early symptoms of nose cancer and some ways that you can do a quick preliminary self-examination3:&nbsp;<ol><li>Runny or study nose</li><li>Nosebleeds or phlegm with red clots or dark red streaks&nbsp;</li><li>Tinnitus, partial deafness or hearing loss5</li><li>Unexplained headaches&nbsp;</li><li>Appearance of painless lump in neck lymph nodes&nbsp;</li><li>Sudden paralysis of the face&nbsp;</li></ol>As the initial symptoms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma are almost the same as respiratory diseases, it is oftentimes difficult to detect and easily underestimated. Thus, in many cases, treatment is often delayed and the key period for treatment is missed. To better protect ourselves, we can also go for nose cancer screenings, such as the EVB DNA serum test (also known as nasopharyngeal cancer virus antibody test). Going for cancer screening to help with early detection and early treatment of the disease can help to increase the chances of survival.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>What are the differences at each stage of nose cancer?</h2>The stage of nose cancer is diagnosed by doctors according to the size of the tumor, the extent of its influence and whether it has spread across the body or to other lymph nodes. Below is a brief description of nose cancer development from stage 1 to 410.&nbsp;<table><colgroup data-width='663'><col style="width:22.473599999999998%"/><col style="width:51.885400000000004%"/><col style="width:25.641000000000002%"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Stage&nbsp;</th><th>Disease progression</th><th>5-year survival rate</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Stage 1</td><td>There is a tumor growth in the nasopharynx. Surrounding tissues have not been invaded.&nbsp;</td><td>More than 92%</td></tr><tr><td>Stage 2&nbsp;</td><td>The tissues on the side of the pharynx have been invaded by the tumor.&nbsp;</td><td>More than 83%</td></tr><tr><td>Stage 3</td><td>Cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes on both sides of the neck.&nbsp;</td><td>More than 77%</td></tr><tr><td>Stage 4&nbsp;</td><td>The tumor has spread to distant locations, such as the brain, bones, or invaded the nerves that control the head and neck. It may have also spread to the lymph nodes in the collarbone area. At this stage, the symptoms are obvious, and lymph nodes can swell to over 6 cm.</td><td>About 47%</td></tr></tbody></table>In general, the rate at which cancer spreads increases as the disease progresses. After the doctor determines a patient’s approximate survival time left, it is important to monitor the nasopharyngeal cancer index closely and notice any changes in the patient’s condition. It is also essential to select an appropriate treatment plan.&nbsp;When being diagnosed with nose cancer or any other cancer, having insurance can help give you&nbsp;peace of mind and reduce the financial burden from medical expenses.&nbsp;

<ol><li>Source: HKSAR Cancer Online Resource Hub, "Lung Cancer", 2022</li><li>Source: Centre for Health Protection, "Nasopharyngeal Cancer", 2022</li><li>Source: HK Anti-Cancer Society, "Nasopharyngeal Cancer", 2021</li><li>Source: HK Cancer Fund, "Nasopharyngeal Cancer", 2017</li><li>Source: HK Cancer Fund, "Understanding Nasopharyngeal Cancer", 2017</li><li>Source: Smart Patient, "Nasopharyngeal Cancer", 2022&nbsp;</li><li>Source: Centre for Health Protection, "Common Male Sicknesses - Nasopharyngeal Cancer", 2020&nbsp;</li><li>Source: Centre for Health Protection, "Nasopharyngeal Cancer Prevention &amp; Screening", 2019&nbsp;</li><li>Source: National Institutes of Health, "Formaldehyde", 2019&nbsp;</li><li>Source: HK Hospital Authority, "2019 HK Cancer Statistics Overview", 2021&nbsp;</li></ol>The above information is provided by FWD Financial Limited ("FWD Financial") for reference and educational purposes only. It does not constitute an offer to buy or sell any insurance products outside of Hong Kong. Before purchasing any insurance product, you should understand your needs and affordability, read the policy carefully, and select suitable product. FWD Financial is an appointed insurance agency of FWD Life Insurance (Bermuda) Company Limited (incorporated in Bermuda with limited liability) (“FWD Life”). FWD Financial, FWD Life, their subsiding companies or their respective directors or employees make no express or implied representations, statements or warranties as to the accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose of the information provided. In no event shall FWD Financial, FWD Life, their subsiding companies or their respective directors or employees liable in any way for any consequences resulting from the use or reliance upon this article, and shall not incur any legal liability (including third-party liability). Users should evaluate all the information contained in this article and seek independent professional advice.

【鼻咽癌】初期及末期症状？不同期數的存活率？ | From early to late: All about nose cancer

From early to late: all about nose cancer | FWD HK

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Understanding the symptoms of coronary heart disease

According to statistics from the Hong Kong Department of Health, in 2020, there were as many as 6,561 deaths caused by heart disease1. Many young people may stay up late or indulge in excessive eating and drinking as they think that their bodies are capable of doing so. However, as they engage in such behaviour, they are unknowingly triggering the ticking time bomb of coronary heart disease.In recent years, the number of cases of coronary heart diseases and deaths related to it has been increasing. The number of coronary heart diseases cases has even exceeded other types of heart diseases2. There has also been an increasing trend of young people getting diagnosed with coronary heart disease. Our lifestyle habits, dietary habits and aging are some factors which affect our risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease. In this article we will learn about some symptoms of heart disease and how critical illness insurance can protect you financially.&nbsp;<h2>What is coronary heart disease?</h2>Coronary heart disease, which is also known as coronary artery disease, is a condition where the coronary arteries narrow or become blocked. The coronary arteries supply the necessary oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. This blockage or narrowing of the arteries is usually a result of the accumulation of fat on the inner walls of the arteries, damaging the myocardium and eventually resulting in coronary heart disease.Some conditions that could result from coronary heart disease could include angina and heart attack. A severe heart attack could result in abnormal heartbeats and even death. This is why it is important to know how to reduce the possibility of developing the disease, and not just its prevention and treatment.&nbsp;<h2>Causes of coronary heart disease</h2>The increasing number of cases of coronary heart disease among younger people is closely related to their modern urban lifestyle. This includes an unhealthy diet, high mental strength, and lack of exercise due to long working hours. Other factors like obesity, smoking and genetics can also induce coronary heart disease3.<h2>Symptoms of coronary heart disease</h2>Coronary heart disease usually develops slowly across several years and is often overlooked, with some patients not displaying any symptoms of coronary heart disease1. As many of the symptoms of the disease are dismissed as normal, many do not realise that they may be suffering from it. Some examples of such symptoms include chest tightness and shortness of breath during exercise. This could be a sign of blocked heart vessels.&nbsp; In serious cases, individuals may experience chest pains, dizziness, or even a sudden onset of heart disease. Thus, you should remain vigilant if you experience any of the following symptoms:<h3>Angina</h3>Angina is a type of chest tightness or pain which is occasionally accompanied by breathing difficulties and shortness of breath due to a blockage of blood supply to the arteries in the heart.&nbsp; It usually takes place when the patient is angry or walking and could also be triggered by the weather or what they ate. Those who have angina tend to have a higher risk of sudden heart disease.&nbsp;<h3>Myocardial infarction</h3>Severe pain at the central position of the chest which can feel like severe indigestion is a common symptom of a heart attack. The symptoms of myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, can either occur suddenly or take place gradually over time.<h3>Arrhythmia</h3>Patients may experience palpitations, which are trembling or pounding heartbeat and even irregular heartbeats. Although palpitations are a symptom of coronary heart disease, this feeling of discomfort in the heart is rather common and may not always be a cause for but this feeling of discomfort in the heart is common and does not need to lead to unwarranted anxiety.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h3>Heart failure</h3>Heart failure occurs when the heart loses its ability to pump blood to various parts of the body. Coronary heart disease causes the heart function to weaken slowly, leading to heart failure. Some common symptoms of heart failure are shortness of breath, swelling of the feet and fatigue.&nbsp;

<h2>What health checks should you do if you feel discomfort in the heart?&nbsp;</h2>Although coronary heart disease is not an immediate threat to your life, you should let your guard down if you experience any of the symptoms above.&nbsp; If you suspect that you have coronary heart disease, you should immediately check with your doctor. Your doctor will likely get you to take one of the following tests for the appropriate diagnosis.&nbsp;<ul><li>Blood tests</li><li>Electrocardiogram (ECG)</li><li>Echocardiogram</li><li>Cardiac catheterization</li><li>Nuclear stress test</li><li>Chest X-ray</li><li>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</li><li>Electrophysiological examination</li></ul>If you think that you may be suffering from a heart problem, you could consider going for a comprehensive heart check-up. During this diagnosis stage, you may already be required to pay for heart disease testing fees such as coronary angiography. The cost of such tests is not cheap and could amount to HK$10,000 or more. Even though the costs of checkups may not be cheap, going for such checkups is important as early detection is the key to prevention. Avoiding potential risks would be the best way to cope with the economic burden which suffering from heart disease may bring about.&nbsp;What should you do if you have heart problems? Here are three major treatments for coronary heart disease3:<ul><li>Drug therapy: Anti-ischemic treatment, anti-thrombotic treatment, and antiplatelet therapy are some of the main treatments for coronary heart disease.&nbsp;</li></ul><ul><li>Interventional therapy: Interventional therapy involves using minimally invasive procedures to open blocked arteries and improve blood flow. Some examples of such procedures include stent implantation and angioplasty.</li></ul><ul><li>Coronary artery bypass surgery: A surgical procedure involving the creation of a new route for blood to flow around a blocked or narrowed artery in the heart.&nbsp;</li></ul><h2>Medical Treatment</h2>Drug therapy for coronary heart disease mainly involves anti-ischemic therapy to reverse or delay the advancement of coronary artery vascular disease. It also helps in improving the heart’s function and treating other ischemic-related complications.Antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin may be prescribed by doctors to help protect the heart and prevent a heart attack. Such heart medications may also be used to lower one’s heart load and manage the conditions of those with coronary heart disease. Doctors may also prescribe cholesterol-lowering drugs to reduce the chance of atherosclerosis. It is essential to seek advice from your doctor before taking any medications.&nbsp;<h2>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)</h2>PCI, also known as the “stent” surgery involves the use of catheter technology to insert a coronary artery stent together with a balloon into the blocked heart blood vessel. The balloon will help to open up the blocked blood vessel, expanding it to increase blood flow. This coronary artery stent will ensure the blood vessel channel is maintained. The cost of such surgeries in private hospitals is approximately HK$100,000 to HK$300,000, while the cost of it in a public hospital is approximately HK$40,000 to HK$80,000, depending on the cost of consumables such as the balloon and stent4.<h2>Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)</h2>CABG, also known as "bypass surgery," is a procedure that involves the creation of a new bypass for blood to flow from other parts of the patient’s body such as blood vessels from their leg to their own heart. By doing so, the narrow coronary artery is bypassed, allowing more blood to be supplied to the heart. As bypass surgery is a highly invasive large-scale surgery, the recovery time is usually much longer.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>How can you protect yourself from high medical expenses for chronic diseases?&nbsp;</h2>With the advancements in medical technology, there are many new types of technologies that can help in slowing the progression of diseases. However, the cost of medical care is also increasing gradually. Some high expenses items associated with coronary heart disease include surgery fees, treatment fees and examination fees.Coronary heart disease is a severe medical condition that requires early treatment and recovery. Additionally, patients with this condition may face many post-operative expenses, such as prolonged period of unemployment, and the need for extended periods of care and medical expenses. This could bring about a significant amount of economic burden on patients as well as their families.

<ol><li>Source: HK Department of Health Elderly Health Service, "Coronary Heart Disease", 2020</li><li>Source: Healthy HK, "Main Cause of Death – Coronary Heart Disease", 2020</li><li>Source: Smart Patient, "Disease Management – Coronary Heart Disease", 2021</li><li>Source: Care for Your Heart, "How to choose between PCI &amp; CABG? Cardiologist analyses the two coronary heart disease surgeries", 2019</li></ol>The above information is provided by FWD Financial Limited ("FWD Financial") for reference and educational purposes only. It does not constitute an offer to buy or sell any insurance products outside of Hong Kong. Before purchasing any insurance product, you should understand your needs and affordability, read the policy carefully, and select suitable product. FWD Financial is an appointed insurance agency of FWD Life Insurance (Bermuda) Company Limited (incorporated in Bermuda with limited liability) (“FWD Life”). FWD Financial, FWD Life, their subsiding companies or their respective directors or employees make no express or implied representations, statements or warranties as to the accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose of the information provided. In no event shall FWD Financial, FWD Life, their subsiding companies or their respective directors or employees liable in any way for any consequences resulting from the use or reliance upon this article, and shall not incur any legal liability (including third-party liability). Users should evaluate all the information contained in this article and seek independent professional advice.

【冠心病】年輕化 一文看清症狀及治療方法 | Understanding the symptoms of coronary heart disease

Understand the symptoms of coronary heart disease | FWD HK

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Deciding how much critical illness coverage you need

We live in a very fast-paced and highly competitive era. As a result, stress has become a very common occurrence. Stress could result in increased risk of serious illnesses such as heart disease and stroke. To relieve the financial burden of medical expenses resulting from serious illnesses, many purchase critical illness insurance. However, how much critical illness coverage is enough? This article summarizes the potential expenses incurred in the unfortunate scenario if you were to suffer from a critical illness.&nbsp;&nbsp;<h2>How much critical illness insurance coverage should I buy?</h2>What amount of coverage should I purchase? The main purpose of buying an insurance product is to provide financial support for medical and living expenses should you suffer from a serious illness. Purchasing insurance would help to reduce the financial burden on yourself and your loved ones. In general, the recommended amount of coverage to purchase is about two to three times of your annual salary. However, such a concept of calculation may not be enough. On top of medical expenses, you should also estimate your living expenses, as this expense varies from person to person. Below are some points which you can use to measure your coverage needs and help fill your protection gap.<h3>1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Medical expenses</h3>Critical illness insurance typically offers a lump sum compensation and has no usage restrictions. You can better understand the expense of treating some frequent critical illnesses when choosing the amount of coverage to buy. For instance, a colonoscopy, colon resection surgery, anesthesia, physician costs, hospitalisation expenses, and medicine, might cost up to HKD 200,0001. An additional monthly fee of HKD 20,000 will be needed if targeted therapy is required2. Let’s assume that the sum insured is three times one’s annual salary, where we use the median annual salary of HKD 20,000 as an example, the sum insured would be HKD720,000. While HKD720,000 may seem like a large amount, it may not be enough to cover a few years of medical expenses. When calculating the required amount of critical illness coverage, we also need to take into account any coverage that we already have from our personal medical insurance or group medical insurance.

<h3>2. Living expenses incurred during treatment</h3>Certain types of insurance such as medical insurance, hospitalisation insurance and outpatient insurance only provide coverage for medical expenses. However, when it comes to treatment expenses, medical expenses are not the only expense incurred during treatment. We should also take into account our daily living expenses such as purchasing healthy food to maintain one’s physical health and hiring a helper to take care of the household chores. It is also important to include certain fixed expenses such as monthly rent and education expenses for your children into your calculation.&nbsp; Here is an example on how you can calculate the amount of coverage you need:&nbsp;Example: Assuming a 35-year-old married man with HKD 30,000, monthly income with no company medical insurance and has a home mortgage to pay, he might think about buying a critical illness insurance policy with a sum insured of HKD 300,000, which provides a lump-sum payout when diagnoses with critical illness.&nbsp;<table><colgroup data-width='663'><col style="width:54.44949999999999%"/><col style="width:45.55049999999999%"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Item</td><td>Expected cost incurred (HKD)</td></tr><tr><td>Colon resection surgery&nbsp;</td><td>$200,000</td></tr><tr><td>Targeted drug treatment across 3 years</td><td>$720,000</td></tr><tr><td>Living expenses (assuming a monthly income of $30,000)</td><td>$720,000</td></tr><tr><td>Minus: savings from payout of critical illness insurance&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td>($300,000)</td></tr><tr><td>Total cost </td><td>$1,340,000 </td></tr></tbody></table>Summing up the medical expenses and living expenses, the total expenditure across three years is approximately HKD 1,640,000. Should he rely on the payout from the critical illness insurance, he would still have a shortfall of HKD 1,340,000 in protection. Thus, in general, it is recommended to use a time period of three years when calculating the amount of critical illness coverage required. The example above is a rather general one. You should consider all the expenses listed in the article above to get a more accurate and comprehensive estimate of the ideal coverage amount.&nbsp;<h2>Do I need to increase my coverage amount if I already have savings critical illness insurance?&nbsp;</h2>As the name suggests, a savings critical illness insurance plan includes a savings component. As compared to a term critical illness insurance plan, the premiums will be proportionately higher for the same coverage amount.&nbsp; A savings critical illness insurance plan is more suitable for those who have a larger budget and want the cash value of the policy. However, as the optimal coverage amount increases as you age and go through different life stages, and together with inflation, this policy which you have taken up many years ago may no longer have enough coverage. Thus, it is necessary to continuously review one’s policy, protection needs and coverage amount. &nbsp;<h2>Is it always better to have more coverage?&nbsp;</h2>Many people would assume that more diseases are covered at higher coverage amounts. Most would also think that higher coverage would help them to better cope with the financial burden of suffering from a critical illness. However, higher coverage means higher premiums, which may exceed your budget. Additionally, while some policies claim to provide coverage for over a hundred diseases, it is important to consider if such a benefit meets your needs. According to FWD's claims report in 2020, the "big three diseases" of cancer, heart attack, and stroke accounted for 90% of FWD's critical illness compensation in Hong Kong in 2020. This could imply that the extent of disease protection may not need to be over extensive.&nbsp;&nbsp;Having a critical illness plan together with a medical insurance plan which reimburses your medical expenses allows you to have a two-in-one financial protection against critical illness insurance. Insurance helps to financially protect yourself and your loved ones. It is important for one to carefully assess the economic expenses of falling ill and purchase a suitable critical illness insurance and medical insurance to avoid any gaps in protection.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<ol><li>Source: HK Adventist Hospital, "Operations Cost List"</li><li>Source: St. Paul’s Hospital, "Common In-Patient Treatment &amp; Inspection Items and Costs for 2020", 2020</li></ol>The above information is provided by FWD Financial Limited ("FWD Financial") for reference and educational purposes only. It does not constitute an offer to buy or sell any insurance products outside of Hong Kong. Before purchasing any insurance product, you should understand your needs and affordability, read the policy carefully, and select suitable product. FWD Financial is an appointed insurance agency of FWD Life Insurance (Bermuda) Company Limited (incorporated in Bermuda with limited liability) (“FWD Life”). FWD Financial, FWD Life, their subsiding companies or their respective directors or employees make no express or implied representations, statements or warranties as to the accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose of the information provided. In no event shall FWD Financial, FWD Life, their subsiding companies or their respective directors or employees liable in any way for any consequences resulting from the use or reliance upon this article, and shall not incur any legal liability (including third-party liability). Users should evaluate all the information contained in this article and seek independent professional advice.

【危疾保險】保障額如何決定買大買細？ | How much critical illness coverage do you need?

How much critical illness coverage do you need? | FWD HK